Posted: September 16th, 2022

Your figure caption should contain a figure number, description of the image and an in-text citation.

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Textbook Readings:
Chapter 8: Measuring Geologic Time (p. 258-293)
Chapter 9: Earth’s Interior (p. 294-318)
Chapter 10: Plate Tectonics (p. 319-361)
Completely and thoroughly answer all questions for each unit’s focus question.
Provide APA citations for any sources used, including your textbook or governmental websites.
I want to remind you that you need to use APA styled in-text citations and references in your posts. If you had a chance to look over the announcements, you know that plagiarism is more than just copying and pasting (or making slight changes to copied and pasted material), not correctly citing and referencing your posts is also considered plagiarism.
Since this is the first discussion of the term, I wanted to go over a few things so you understand what I expect your posts to look like. Your posts need to include both APA styled in-text citations and references listed in a separate section. You may remember from the announcements, that APA styled in-text citations are author, date citations and that there are 2 types, parenthetical and narrative. Parenthetical citations are found at the end of a sentence within a set of parenthesis while narrative citations are included within the sentence structure.
I do realize that many of you may not be familiar with citing or referencing, so a good “rule of thumb” to remember is that every fact needs cited, unless it is common knowledge (i.e. the sky is blue). A word of warning, I don’t consider much of the information within this course common knowledge. This means that it is likely that every sentence you write will have a citation. This is fine, it is much better to over cite your work than it is to under cite it. Once you are more familiar with using in-text citations you may want to consider implementing what I call “bookending” your citations. I believe one of the announcement videos referred to it as “weaving the narrative”. This option should only be used in you have multiple sentences that all contain information from a single source. To implement bookending, your first sentence needs a citation and the last sentence, containing information from that same source, needs the same citation. By including the same citations in the first and last sentences you are inferring that all the information presented in the intervening sentences is from that same source. It warrants repeating, that is is only an option if all your information came from the same source. If you are confused, don’t worry, you will see an example shortly.
For one topic, I am going to show you how a post would look with a citation for every sentence and then by “bookending” the citations, using both narrative and parenthetical citations. I’m also adding a figure to show you how to treat any figures you may include. Including figures is not necessary and most students don’t. In the past, students have occasionally added figures, but they were never cited and referenced correctly, hence the example. If you see that pesky “access denied” message instead of the figure, just imagine the Distribution of Earth’s Water from Layered Earth’s Hydrosphere lesson (A1-3). If you include a figure, make sure that you add a figure caption. Your figure caption should contain a figure number, description of the image and an in-text citation. Your description doesn’t have to be long, but it should contain an adequate enough description that your reader would know what the image is without reading your post. Also, there should always be a reference to your figure in your text. Don’t just stick a random image at the bottom of your post, you need to tie it into your post by referring to the figure number. Lastly, your figure caption text should always be smaller than your main text. I usually use 8 pt for figure captions.
Below are the post examples. I am purposely keeping my post very short and only posting about 1 topic in order to leave plenty of options open for you to use in your posts. I expect more substance from your posts. I’m also only adding the figure once rather than repeating it for each example.
Citation style: Single source and every sentence cited but the common knowledge sentence:
Topic 1: Discuss the distribution of Earth’s water
Earth isn’t known as the “blue planet” for nothing. According to Simulation Curriculum (n.d.), 71% of Earth’s surface is covered by water. Figure 1 indicates that 97% of Earth’s water is salinated while only 3% is fresh (Simulation Curriculum, n.d). Fresh water is classified as surface water, ground water or ice (Simulation Curriculum, n.d.). Surface water is found in found in rivers, swamps or lakes (Simulation Curriculum, n.d).
Citation style: Single source and Bookending: Topic 1: Discuss the distribution of Earth’s water
Earth isn’t known as the “blue planet” for nothing. According to Simulation Curriculum (n.d.), 71% of Earth’s surface is covered by water. Figure 1 indicates that 97% of Earth’s water is salinated while only 3% is fresh water. They classify fresh water as surface water, ground water or ice. Surface water is found in found in rivers, swamps or lakes (Simulation Curriculum, n.d).
Citation style: Multiple sources: (Note: you can combine bookending and single sentence citations in the same paragraph)
Topic 1: Discuss the distribution of Earth’s water
Earth isn’t known as the “blue planet” for nothing. According to Simulation Curriculum (n.d.), 71% of Earth’s surface is covered by water. Figure 1 indicates that 97% of Earth’s water is salinated while only 3% is fresh water. They classify fresh water as surface water, ground water or ice. Surface water is found in found in rivers, swamps or lakes (Simulation Curriculum, n.d.). Contamination of surface water is an increasingly common problem as precipitation transfers harmful substances from the atmosphere to rivers, swamps and lakes (Dudhia, 1989; Đorđević et al., 2005; Keresztesi et al., 2020).

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